Math and science::Analysis
18 analysis theorems
The following propositions about an ordered field \(R\) (and about associated structures such as \([a,b]=[a,b]_R=\{x \in R:\ a \leq x \leq b\}\)) are true when the ordered field \(R\) is taken to be \(\mathbb{R}\), the field of real numbers.
- 1. The Dedekind Completeness Property (Supremum)
- Suppose \(S\) is a nonempty subset of \(R\) that is bounded above.
Then there exists a number \(c\) that is an upper bound of \(S\)
such that every upper bound of \(S\) is greater than or equal to \(c\).
We refer to this as completeness. - 2. The Archimedean Property
-
For every \(x > 0, x \in R\) there exists \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) with \(n > x\).
Equivalently, for every \(x > 0, x \in R\) there exists \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) with \(1/n < x\).
Doesn't imply completeness. - 3. The Cut Property
- Suppose \(A\) and \(B\) are nonempty disjoint subsets of \(R\)
whose union is all of \(R\), such that every element of \(A\) is less than
every element of \(B\). Then there exists a cutpoint \(c \in R\) such that
every \(x < c\) is in \(A\) and every \(x>c\) is in \(B\).
(Or, if you prefer: Every \(x \in A\) is \(\leq c\),
and every \(x \in B\) is \(\geq c\).
It's easy to check that the two versions are equivalent.)
Since this property may be unfamiliar, we remark that
the Cut Property follows immediately from Dedekind completeness
(take \(c\) to be the least upper bound of \(A\)).
Does imply completeness. - 4. Topological Connectedness
-
Say \(S \subseteq R\) is open if for every \(x\) in \(S\)
there exists \(\epsilon > 0\) so that
every \(y\) with \(|y-x| < \epsilon\) is also in \(S\).
Then there is no way to express \(R\)
as a union of two disjoint nonempty open sets.
That is, if \(R = A \cup B\) with \(A,B\) nonempty and open,
then \(A \cap B\) is nonempty.
Does imply completeness. - 5. The Intermediate Value Property
-
If \(f\) is a continuous function
from \([a,b]\) to \(R\), with \(f(a) < 0\) and \(f(b) > 0\),
then [...]. The intermediate value theorem generalizes to the idea that the image of a connnected set is connected, through a continuous function.
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 6. The Bounded Value Property
-
If \(f\) is a continuous function from \([a,b]\) to \(R\), then [...].
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 7. The Extreme Value Property
-
If \(f\) is a continuous function from \([a,b]\) to \(R\), then [...].
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 8. The Mean Value Property
-
Suppose \(f: [a,b] \rightarrow R\) is continuous on \([a,b]\)
and differentiable on \((a,b)\).
Then [...].
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 9. The Constant Value Property
-
Suppose \(f: [a,b] \rightarrow R\) is continuous on \([a,b]\)
and differentiable on \((a,b)\),
with \(f'(x) = 0\) for all \(x\) in \((a,b)\).
Then [...].
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 10. The Convergence of Bounded Monotone Sequences
-
[The title gives this one away.]
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 11. The Convergence of Cauchy Sequences
-
[And this one]
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 12. The Fixed Point Property for Closed Bounded Intervals
-
Suppose \(f\) is a continuous map from \([a,b] \subset R\) to itself.
Then [...].
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 13. The Contraction Map Property
-
Suppose \(f\) is a map from \(R\) to itself such that for some constant \(c < 1\),
\(|f(x) - f(y)| \leq c|x-y|\) for all \(x,y\).
Then [...].
[Does/doesn't imply completeness?] - 14. The Alternating Series Test
-
If \(a_1 \geq a_2 \geq a_3 \geq \dots\)
and \(a_n \rightarrow 0\),
then \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^n a_n\) converges.
Doesn't imply completeness. - 15. The Absolute Convergence Property
-
If \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty |a_n|\) converges in \(R\),
then \(\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n\) converges in \(R\).
Doesn't imply completeness. - 16. The Ratio Test
-
If \(|a_{n+1}/a_n| \rightarrow L\) in \(R\) as \(n \rightarrow \infty\),
with \(L < 1\), then \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n\) converges in \(R\).
Does imply completeness. - 17. The Shrinking Interval Property
-
Suppose \(I_1 \supseteq I_2 \supseteq \dots\)
are bounded closed intervals in \(R\) with lengths decreasing to 0.
Then the intersection of the \(I_n\)'s is nonempty.
Doesn't imply completeness. - 18. The Nested Interval Property
-
Suppose \(I_1 \supseteq I_2 \supseteq \dots\)
are bounded closed intervals in \(R\).
Then the intersection of the \(I_n\)'s is nonempty.
(Another name for this property is "spherical completeness''.)
Doesn't imply completeness.